Rico Clarinet

Rico Clarinet

Madagascar

History
Main article: History of Madagascar
As part of East Gondwana, the territory of the division of Madagascar from Africa about 160 million years ago, the island of Madagascar was created by separating the Indian subcontinent from 80 to 100,000,000 years. Most archaeologists believe that the human settlement of Madagascar happened between 200 and 500 AD, when seafarers from Southeast Asia (probably from Borneo and South Sulawesi) arrived in outrigger sailing canoes. Bantu settlers probably crossed the Mozambique Channel to Madagascar Around the same time or shortly thereafter. However, Malagasy tradition and ethnographic data suggest that they were preceded by hunter-gatherers Mikea. The Anteimoro who established a kingdom in southern Madagascar in the Middle Ages have their origin in migrants from Somalia.
History Written Madagascar began in the 7th century, when Muslims established trading posts along the northwest coast. During the Middle Ages, the kings of the island began to extend their power through trade with neighbors in the Indian Ocean, including Arabic, Persian and Somali traders who Madagascar connected with East Africa, the Middle East and India.
Large chiefdoms began to dominate large parts of the island. Among them were the Sakalava chiefdoms Menabe centered on what is now the town of Morondava, and of Boina, centered on what is now the capital the province of Mahajanga (Majunga). The influence of the Sakalava extended all that are now the provinces of Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toliara. Madagascar was an important trading port for ocean east African coast that gave Africa a trade route to the Silk Road and served the same time as a port for incoming ships.
The wealth created by trade in Madagascar has created a powerful state ruled by regional monarchs known Maroserana. These monarchs adopted the cultural traditions of the subjects in their territories and to expand their kingdoms. They took the status divine, and the nobility of new classes and artisans have been created. Madagascar operated at the time of the Middle East, Africa as a port contact for other port Swahili city states such as Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar.
European contact began in the year 1500, when the Portuguese captain Diogo Dias Wed sight of the island after his ship separated from a fleet going to India. The Portuguese continued Negotiating with the Islanders and the name of the island so Loureno (St. Lawrence). In 1666, Francois Caron, the director general of the new French Company East Indies, sailed to Madagascar. The Company has not established a colony on Madagascar but established ports on the nearby islands of Bourbon and Ile-de-France (Runion today and Mauritius). In the late 17th century the French established trading posts along East Coast.
The most famous pirate utopia is that of Captain Misson and his pirate crew, who founded the colony of free Libertalia in northern Madagascar in the late 17th century. From about 1774 to 1824, Madagascar has been a haven for pirates, including Americans, one of which Malagasy rice to South Carolina. Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the coast of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose journal is one of the few representations of life written in the south of Madagascar during the 18th century. Madagascar sailors sometimes called "Island of the Moon".
Andrianampoinimerina
(1795-1819)
I Radama
(1810-1828)
Ranavalona I
(1828-1861)
Radama II
(1861-1863)
Rasoherina
(1863-1868)
Ranavalona II
(1868-1883)
Ranavalona III
(1883-1897)
In the early 1790s, Merina rulers succeeded to establish hegemony over most of the island, including the coast. In 1817, the Merina ruler and the British governor of the island Mauritius has concluded a treaty abolishing the slave trade, which has been important in Madagascar's economy. In return, the island received British military and financial aid. British influence remained strong for several decades, during which the Merina court was converted to Presbyterianism, Congregationalism and Anglicanism.
With the domination of the Indian Ocean by the Royal Navy and the end of the Arab slave trade, West Sakalava lost their power to the emerging Merina state. The Betsimisaraka the east coast also unified, but this union soon faltered.
Queen Ranavalona I "the Cruel" (r. 1828-1861) issued a royal edict prohibiting the practice of Christianity in Madagascar. According to some estimates, 150,000 Christians died during the reign of Ranavalona. The island grew more isolated, and trade with other nations have stalled.
France Madagascar invaded in 1883 in what became known as the first Franco-Hova War seeking to restore property that had been confiscated from French citizens. (Hova is one of three Merina classes: andriana aristocracy, ordinary people hova, andevo slaves. Hova The term is used by the French to say Merina.) In the end of the war, Madagascar ceded Antsiranana (Diego Suarez) in the northern coast to France and paid 560,000 francs to the heirs of Joseph-François Lambert. In 1890 the British accepted the imposition of a formal French protectorate.
In 1895, a French flying column was landed in Mahajanga (Majunga) and headed toward the capital, Antananarivo, where defenders of the city quickly surrendered. Twenty French soldiers died fighting and 6,000 died of malaria and other diseases before the second Franco-Hova War ended.
After hostilities ended in 1896 France annexed Madagascar. The Merina monarchy 103-year ended with the family Royal being sent into exile in Algeria.
During World War II, Malagasy troops fought in France, Morocco and Syria. Some leaders of Nazi Germany has proposed expelling all Jews from Europe to Madagascar (the Madagascar plan), but nothing came of this. After France fell Germany, the Vichy government administered Madagascar. During the Battle of Madagascar, British troops occupied the island in 1942 to prevent the seizure by the Japanese, after which the Free French took over.
In 1947, with French prestige at its lowest, the insurgency Madagascar erupted. It was abolished after more than a year of bitter fighting, with 8,000 to 90,000 people were killed. Institutions French later established reformed in 1956 under the Loi Cadre (Overseas Reform Act), and Madagascar provides peaceful towards independence. The Malagasy Republic was proclaimed October 14, 1958, an autonomous state within the French Community. A period of provisional application government ended with the adoption of a constitution in 1959 and full independence June 26, 1960. In 2006 the country experienced a coup attempt.
Politics
Main articles: Government and Politics of Madagascar Madagascar
Although the current head of state has self-proclaimed himself Madagascar is usually a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Madagascar is head of government, and a multiforme [disambiguation needed] multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Senate and National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches.
The political situation in Madagascar was marked by the struggle for control. After Madagascar gained independence from France in 1960, assassinations, military coups and contested elections figured prominently.
Didier Ratsiraka took power in a military coup in 1975 and ruled until 2001, with a short break, when he was ousted in early 1990. When Marc Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka claimed victory after two presidential elections in December 2001, Ratsiraka's supporters tried to block the capital, Antananarivo, which was pro-Ravalomanana. After eight months of sporadic violence and disruption economic implications, a recount in April 2002 led the High Constitutional Court pronounced Ravalomanana, but it is only July that Ratsiraka fled to France and Ravalomanana took control of the country.
Internal conflict in Madagascar has been minimal in the years that followed and, since 2002, Marc Ravalomanana and his party, Tiako-I-Madagasikara (TIM), dominated political life. In an attempt to restrict the power and influence President, Prime Minister and the parliament of 150 seats have been given greater power in recent years.
Since voltage was typically associated with elections. A presidential election was held in December 2006 with protests over worsening standards of living, despite a government campaign to fight against poverty. Request by a retired general in November 2006 for Ravalomanana to step down had been "badly interpreted "as an attempted coup.
2009 Malagasy events
Main article: 2009 events Malagasy
The wave later, and continuing violence pitted then-President Marc Ravalomanana Rajoelina cons, former mayor of the capital, Antananarivo. Since the fighting power began January 26, over 170 people were killed. Rajoelina mobilized its supporters to take to the streets of Antananarivo to demand eviction Ravalomanana on the basis of its alleged "autocratic" style of government.
Ravalomanana resignation
After losing the support of the army and under intense pressure from Rajoelina, President Ravalomanana has resigned March 17, 2009. Ravalomanana has transferred its powers to a military loyal to the Council itself led by Vice-Admiral Hyppolite Ramaroson. The army described the decision by Ravalomanana a "ploy" and said he Rajoelina would support a leader. Rajoelina had already declared himself the new leader a month ago and has since assumed the role of president Acting. He named as prime minister Roindefo Monja. Rajoelina announced that elections would be held in two years and that the Constitution would be amended.
The European Union, among other international bodies, refused to recognize the new government because it is installed by force. The African Union, which has to suspend the membership of Madagascar on March 20 and the Southern African Development Community both criticized the forced resignation of Marc Ravalomanana. United spokesman Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon expressed his "grave concerned about the trend of developments in Madagascar. "
The provinces and regions
Main articles: Provinces of Madagascar and Regions of Madagascar
Madagascar is currently divided into six autonomous provinces (mizakatena faritany), and subdivided into 22 regions (faritra), it created in 2004. The regions will be the highest subdivision level when the provinces are dissolved in accordance with the results of the referendum April 4, 2007, which means by October 4, 2009.
Antananarivo (1)
Analamanga
Bongolava
Itasy
Vakinankaratra
Antsiranana (2)
Diana
Sava
Fianarantsoa (3)
Amoron'i Mania
Atsimo Atsinanana-
Upper Matsiatra
Ihorombe
Vatovavy-Fitovinany
Mahajanga (4)
Betsiboka
Boeny
Melaky
Sofia
Toamasina (5)
Alaotra Mangoro
Analanjirofo
Atsinanana
Toliara (6)
Androy
Anosy
Atsimo-Andrefana
Menabe
The regions are subdivided into 116 districts, 1,548 municipalities and 16,969 fokontany. Large cities special status as "urban policy", the same level as the districts.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Madagascar
Isalo National Park
At 587,000 km sq. (227,000 miles square), Madagascar is the world's 46th largest country and the fourth largest island. It is slightly larger than France, and is one of 11 distinct physiographic provinces of the South African Platform physiographic division.
Eastward a steep escarpment leads from the central highlands down into a ribbon of rain forest with a narrow coastal east. The Canal is Pangalanes a chain of natural and artificial lakes connected by canals that runs parallel to the east coast about 460 km (286 mi) (about two-thirds of the island). The descent from the central plateau to the west is more gradual, with remnants of deciduous forest and savanna-like plains (which in the south and southwest are quite dry and host spiny desert and baobabs). On the west coast are many protected harbors, but siltation is a major problem caused by sediments from high levels of erosion inland.
Along the crest of this chain are the central highlands, a plateau region at an altitude ranging from 2450-4400 feet (747-1341 m) elevation. The central highlands are characterized by terraced rice valleys lying between barren hills. Here, the red laterite soil that covers much of the island has been exposed by erosion, showing clearly why the country is often referred to as the "Red Island".
highest of the island advanced Maromokotro at 2876 meters (9440 feet), lies in the Tsaratanana Massif, located in the far north. The massive Ankaratra is in the south central area of the capital Antananarivo and hosts the third highest mountain on the island, Tsiafajavona, with an altitude of 2642 meters (8670 feet). Farther south, Andringitra massif which has several peaks over 2400 meters (7900 feet), including the highest peaks in the second and fourth, Pic Imarivolanitra, better known as Pic Boby (2658 m / 8720 feet) and Pic Bory (2630 meters / 8600 feet). The other peaks of the massif include Pic Soaindra (2,620 meters / 8600 feet) and Pic Ivangomena (2556 meters / 8390 feet). This massif also contains the Andringitra Reserve. On very rare occasions, this region experiences snow in winter because of its high altitude.
There are two seasons: a hot, rainy season from November to April and a cooler, dry season from May to October. Southeast winds predominate, and the island occasionally experiences cyclones.
Ecology
Main articles: Fauna of Madagascar ecoregions of Madagascar and Agroecology in Madagascar
Tsingy in Madagascar
Madagascar's long isolation from all the neighboring continents has given rise to a unique mix of plants and animals, many found nowhere else in the world, some ecologists refer to as the Madagascar "Eighth continent". Of the 10,000 plants native to Madagascar, 90% are found nowhere else in the world. Madagascar's varied fauna and flora are threatened by human activity, like a third of its native vegetation has disappeared since the 1970s, and only 18% remains intact. Since the arrival humans 2000 years ago, Madagascar has lost more than 90% of its original forest. Elephant birds, which were giant ratites native to Madagascar, have been missing since at least the 17th century. Aepyornis was the largest bird in the world, seems to have been more than 3 meters (10 ft) high.
Most lemurs are listed as endangered or threatened. Many species have disappeared in the last centuries mainly due to habitat destruction and hunting.
The east side, downwind of the island is home to tropical rainforests, while the sides west and south, which lie in the rain shadow of the central highlands, home to tropical dry forests, thorn forests, and deserts and xeric shrublands. Madagascar's dry deciduous forest of rain has been preserved generally better than the rain forests of eastern or the central plateau, presumably due to historically low population density. Madagascar has several national parks.
The Indri is 1 of 99 recognized species and subspecies of lemurs found only in Madagascar.
Extensive deforestation has taken place in parts of the country, some because of the operation mining. Slash-and-burn activity, locally called Tavy, took place in the forests of eastern and western dry and on the high plateau central reduction of certain forest habitat and applying pressure to some endangered species. Slash and burn is a method sometimes used by shifting cultivators to obtain short-term returns from marginal soils. When practiced repeatedly without intervening fallow periods, soils low in nutrients may be exhausted or eroded to a productive state. The surface runoff resulting increased on burned lands has caused significant erosion and resulting high sedimentation in the rivers of the West.
As part of efforts Conservation, the Wildlife Conservation Society has recently opened a Madagascar! exhibition at the Bronx Zoo. The New York Academy of Sciences recently released a podcast on Madagascar! exhibition, which details the flora and fauna of Madagascar and what types of projects WCS is involved in the country. The Podcast can be listened here
Madagascar is represented in the FIPS 10-4 standard geographic coding by the symbol MA.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Madagascar
Antananarivo is the political and economic capital of Madagascar
Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a pillar of the economy. The main exports are coffee, vanilla (Madagascar is the world's largest producer and exporter of vanilla), sugar cane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, livestock products, bananas, and peanuts. Vanilla has historically been of particular importance, and when, In 1985, Coca-cola switched to New Coke which involved less vanilla, Madagascar's economy took a marked downturn, but returned to previous levels after the return of Classic Coke.
Structural reforms began in the late 1980s, initially under pressure from international financial institutions, including the World Bank. An initial privatization program (19881993) and the development of an export processing zone (EPZ) regime in the early the 1990s were key milestones in this effort. A period of significant stagnation from 1991 to 1996 was followed by five years of solid economic growth and accelerating foreign investment, thanks to a second wave of privatizations [citation needed] and development of EPZs. Although structural reforms advanced, governance remained weak and perceived corruption in Madagascar was extremely high. During the period of strong growth from 1997 to 2001, poverty levels remain high, particularly in rural areas. At six months of political crisis triggered by a dispute over the outcome of the presidential elections held in December 2001 virtually halted economic activity in most parts of the country in the first half of 2002. Real GDP fell by 12.7% for 2002, inflows of foreign investment dropped sharply, and the crisis tarnished Madagascar's nascent reputation as a standout AGOA and a promising place to invest. After the crisis, the economy rebounded with GDP growth of over 10% in 2003. currency depreciation and rising inflation in 2004 have hampered economic performance, but growth for the year reached 5.3%, inflation reached about 25% at the end of the year. In 2005, inflation was controlled by a restrictive monetary policy to raise the rate Director (Central Bank rate) to 16% and reserves mandatory for banks tightening. Thus, the economy would grow 6.5% in 2005.
Following the 2002 political crisis, the government tried to establish a new course and build confidence, in coordination with international financial institutions and donors. Madagascar developed a recovery plan in collaboration with the private sector and donors and presented it to a "Friends of Madagascar" conference organized by the World Bank in Paris in July 2002. Donor countries demonstrated their confidence in the new government by pledging $ 1 billion assistance over five years. The Malagasy Government identified that road infrastructure as a priority principle and stressed his commitment to public-private partnership by creating a public-private sector committee steering.
Rice paddies in Madagascar
In 2000, Madagascar has undertaken the preparation of a Strategy Paper Poverty Reduction (PRSP) under the Heavily Poor Countries (HIPC). The advice of the IMF and World Bank agreed in December 2000 that the country had reached the decision point Debt relief under the HIPC Initiative and defined a set of conditions for Madagascar to reach the completion point. In October 2004, advice from the IMF and World Bank determined that Madagascar had reached the completion point under the HIPC Initiative.
The Madagascar-US Business Council was formed as a collaboration between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and artisan producers Malagasian Madagascar in 2002. The U.S. Madagascar Business Council was formed in the United States in May 2003, and the two organizations continue to explore ways work for the benefit of both groups.
The government of President Ravalomanana is aggressively seeking foreign investment and fight against Good number of barriers to investment, including the fight against corruption, reforming land ownership laws, encouraging study of U.S. and European business techniques, and active pursuit of foreign investors. President Ravalomanana has become known through his company TIKO food, and is known to have attempted to apply many lessons learned in the corporate world to lead government. Concerns have been raised recently about the conflict of interest between his policies and activities of its businesses. The most notable of them preferential treatment for rice imports initiated by the government in late 2004 to meet a production shortfall in the country.
Madagascar's sources of growth are tourism, exports of textiles and light industry (notably through the EPZs) agricultural products and mining. Madagascar is the world's largest producer of vanilla and about half of the world export market. Tourism is the market niche eco-tourism, capitalizing on Madagascar's unique biodiversity, protected natural habitats, national parks and lemur species. Exports the EPZs, located around Antananarivo and Antsirabe, constitute the majority of the clothing industry, targeting the U.S. market under AGOA and the European markets under the Everything But Arms (EBA) agreement. Agricultural exports consist of products of high value low volume such as vanilla, litchi and essential oils. A game, but growing economy is based on extraction of ilmenite, with investments new in recent years, particularly near Tulear and Fort Dauphin. Mining company Rio Tinto Group plans to start operations near Fort Dauphin in 2008, after several years of infrastructure preparation. The mining project is highly controversial, with Friends of the Earth and other environmental organizations filing reports to detail their concerns about the effects on the environment and communities Local.
Autoclave between Madagascar, 2008, under the new mining
Several major projects are underway in the mining and oil and gas which, if successful, will give a strong boost to the Malagasy economy.
In the mining sector, including the development of Sakoa coal and nickel near Tamatave. In oil, Madagascar Oil is developing the massive onshore heavy oil and ultra Tsimiroro heavy oil field in Bemolanga.
Foreign Relations
Main foreign relations of Madagascar: Article
Madagascar has been historically perceived as being outside of mainstream African affairs despite being a founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which was founded in 1963. President Albert Zafy to power in 1993, has expressed his desire for diplomatic relations with all countries. Early his tenure, he established formal ties with South Korea and sent emissaries to Morocco.
Since 1997, globalization encouraged the government and President Ratsiraka to adhere to market-oriented policies and to engage in global markets. External relations reflect this trend, although Madagascar's physical isolation and strong traditional orientation of the island have limited its activity in economic organizations and regional relations with its neighbors in East Africa. He has more generally good relations with its neighbors in the Indian Ocean Mauritius, Comoros and Runion. active relations with Europe, especially France, Germany and Switzerland, and Great Britain, Russia, Japan, India and China have been strong since independence. More recently, President Ravalomanana has cultivated strong ties with the United States, and Madagascar was the first country to benefit from the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA). Madagascar is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a bilateral immunity agreement to protect the U.S. military (as covered by Article 98).
The OAU was dissolved in 2002 and was replaced by the African Union. Madagascar was not allowed to attend the first summit of the African Union because of the controversy over the results the election in December 2001 but joined the African Union in July 2003 after an 14-month hiatus triggered by the 2002 political crisis. However, Madagascar was suspended again by the African Union in March 2009 due to the current political crisis.
During his presidency, Marc Ravalomanana Madagascar traveled extensively promoted abroad and consciously sought to strengthen relations with Anglophone countries as a means of balancing traditionally strong French influence. He has also cultivated strong ties with China during his tenure.
In November 2004, after an absence of nearly 30 years, Madagascar has reopened its embassy in London. On December 15, 2004, the Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, announced the closure of the British Embassy Antananarivo to save 250,000 a year. He also announced the end of aid from the Government of Madagascar, the DFID-funded Small Grants Program. The embassy closed in August 2005 despite petitions and protests from African heads of state, a European commissioner, the Malagasy Senate, many British companies, 30 or so NGOs operating in Madagascar, and members of the public. [Citation needed]
The British embassy has already closed (also for financial reasons) from 1975 to 1980. Anglo-Malagasy Society are campaigning to have it reopened.
Demography
Main article: Demographics of Madagascar
Antananarivo, Madagascar
Madagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Austronesian (IeSouth East Asian island / Pacific) and African origin. Those who are visibly Austronesian in appearance and culture are the minority, found mostly in mountainous regions. Recent research suggests that the island was uninhabited until Austronesian seafarers arrived about 1,500 to 2,000 years. Recent DNA research shows that the Malagasy people is about half the Austronesian descent and half of Africa East, although some Arab influence, Indian and European is present along the coast. Malagasy language shares some 90% of its basic vocabulary Language Ma'anyan Region River Barito in southern Borneo.
subsequent migrations from the East Indies and Africa have strengthened this original mixture, and 36 separate tribal groups emerged. Austronesian features are predominant in the Merina (3 million), residents of areas Coastal (ctiers called) are of African origin more clearly. The largest coastal groups are the Betsimisaraka (1.5 million) and Tsimihety and Sakalava (700,000 each). Vezo live in the southwest. Two southern tribes are Antandroy and Antanosy. Other tribes Tankarana (north point), and Sihanaka Bezanozano (East) Tanala (southeast), An-Taimoro, Tambahoaka, Zafisoro, A and Taisaka Timanambondro (southeast coast), and Mahafaly and Bara (southwest). Chinese and Indian minorities exist Also, as the Europeans, mostly French. The number of Comorians residing in Madagascar was significantly reduced after the Anti-riot Comoros Mahajanga in 1976.
During the French colonial administration (18951960) and some time after independence, people were officially classified in ethnic groups. This practice was discontinued at the first census (1975) after independence, so any classification and recent figures for ethnic groups is an unofficial estimate. It is for example no mention of ethnicity or religion in national identity cards. In addition, the territorial divisions (provinces, regions) do not follow the lines of ethnic division, despite an attempt by the colonial administration in the early 20th century. Ethnic divisions continue, and may cause violence, but their role is limited in society today. Ethnic tensions in Madagascar often produce violent conflict between the Merina highlanders and the coastal people. regional political parties are also rare, although some parties receive most of their support in some areas.
Only two general censuses of 1975 and 1993 were made after independence.
In 1993 (last census), there were 18,497 foreign residents in Madagascar, or 0.15% of the population.
Health
The fertility rate is around 5 children per woman. There are about 29 doctors per 100,000 people. Infant mortality was 74 per 1,000 live births in 2005. Life expectancy at birth stood at 58.4 in the early 21st century. Health expenditure was 29 U.S. $ (PPP) in 2004.
Language
Main article: Languages of Madagascar
The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. Madagascar is a Francophone country and French is spoken by the educated population of this former French colony. English, although still rare, is becoming more widespread, and in 2003 the government began a pilot project of introducing the teaching of English in primary classes of 44 schools with the hope of taking the project nationwide. Many Peace Corps volunteers are serving teachers to pursue this effort and train.
In the first Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic.
No official languages were recorded in the 1992 Constitution. Instead, Malagasy was named the national language, but many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French are official languages, they were de facto. In April 2000, a citizen filed a lawsuit on the grounds that publication official documents in French only unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court noted in its decision that, in the absence of a Language Act, the French still had the character of an official language.
In the 2007 Constitution, Madagascar is the national language while the official languages are reintroduced: Malagasy, French and English. The motivation for the inclusion of English is partly to improve relations with neighboring countries where English is used and to encourage foreign direct investment.
Culture
Article: Culture of Madagascar
Malagasy culture reflects a mixture of Southeast Asian, Arab, African and European influences. Properties in Madagascar are generally four sides with a pointed roof, in a style often seen in South Asia, rather than the circular hut style building most often found in East Africa. Rice at the base of every meal in most parts of the country and in Asia. Prepared dishes to accompany rice vary depending on availability of local products food and are known as laoka.
Arab influence
Arab immigrants were few in number compared to the Indonesians and Bantus, but they left a lasting impression. The Malagasy names for seasons, months, days, and parts are of Arab origin, as is the practice of circumcision, the communal pool grain, and various forms of greeting. The Arab magicians, known ombiasy, settled in the courts of many Malagasy tribal kingdoms. immigrants Arab imposed the patriarchal system of family and clan rule on Madagascar. Before the Arabs, the Malagasy practice the matriarchal system where Polynesian rights of privilege and property are also conferred on men and women.
Education
A significant proportion of the adult population is illiterate. The literacy rate among young women is lower than the literacy rate of young males. Expenditure Public education was 16.4% of total government expenditure in the period 2000-2007. Public spending on primary education per pupil is about $ 57 (PPP). Madagascar has several universities.
Kitchen
Main article: Cuisine of Madagascar
Music
Main article: Music of Madagascar
Madagascar has a rich musical heritage and distinctive. The first Austronesian settlers with their predecessor the bamboo tube zither called the valiha and other instruments that form the basis of traditional Malagasy music. The influence of Africans is evident in some of the drums and singing styles polyharmonic, while the trend towards minor chords along the coast reflects Arab musical influence. European pirates also contributed to the musical traditions of Madagascar, the import of the guitar, accordion, piano and instruments used for implementation hiragasy including violin, trumpet and clarinet.
Mythology
Main article: Malagasy mythology
The country has a rich tradition of oratory in the form of hainteny, and kabary ohabolana. An epic, the Ibonia, has been handed down for centuries in various forms throughout the island and showcases the vibrant and highly developed oral traditions of Madagascar.
Hainteny
Main article: hainteny
The zebu, or humpbacked cattle, occupies an important place in traditional Malagasy culture. The animal can take a sacred importance and is the owner's wealth, a original tradition on the African continent. Theft of livestock, causing a rite of passage for young men in the plains of Madagascar where the greatest herds of cattle are reared, has become a dangerous and sometimes fatal criminal like the shepherds in the attempt by the South West to defend their livestock traditional spears cons increasingly armed professional thieves. Where African influences are strongest, as in the southern region around Tulear, wealth and social status is measured in cattle, zebu and may outnumber people two or three to one. Zebu are a popular motif on aloalo the poles carved wood decorate the graves among certain tribes in the south-west.
Andrianampoinimerina (about 17,451,810) United Kingdom The Merina, moving Ambohimanga its capital to Antananarivo and the construction of his palace, or rova on a strategic location on the highest hill overlooking the city. A number cultural traditions, including kabary hiragasy and were popularized during the period of his administration.
Religion
Main article: Religion in Madagascar
Traditional religion
Main article: Malagasy mythology
About 50% of the religion of the country's population practice traditional, which tend to emphasize links between the living and the dead. The Merina highlands particularly tend to hold strongly to this practice. They believe that the dead join their ancestors in the ranks of divinity and that ancestors are intensely concerned about the fate of their descendants live. Merina and Betsileo reburial practice famadihana or "turning of the dead" celebrate this spiritual communion. In this ritual, there are still parents are removed from the tomb of family, again wrapped in new silk shrouds, and returned to the tomb after the festive ceremonies in their honor, where sometimes the bodies are raised and worn over the head with the celebrants singing and dancing before returning them to the grave.
Traditionally, the Malagasy hold their ancestors in high esteem and many believe they continue to intervene in the events on Earth after death. An individual can establish a powerful fady (taboos) in his life all their descendants or those of members of the community will have to respect long after their deaths, which means that when you travel to Madagascar, it is advised to seek the village elders or authorities and to investigate local fady so you do not inadvertently violate and offend the local population. This Veneration of ancestors also lead to the tradition of tomb building and famadihana, a practice that remains a member of the family of the deceased can be taken from the tomb to be periodically re-wrapped in shrouds of silk soft before being replaced in the grave. The event is an opportunity to celebrate the memory of the beloved, to meet with the family and community, and enjoy a festive atmosphere. Residents surrounding villages are often invited to attend the feast, where food and rum are often served and a band of hiragasy or other entertainment Music is usually present.
Christianity
Main article: Roman Catholicism in Madagascar
See also: Persecution Ranavalona I # Christian
Roman Catholic cathedral in Antsirabe.
Today, about 45% of the Malagasy are Christian, divided almost equally between Catholics and Protestants. Many incorporate the cult of the dead with their other religious beliefs and bless their dead at church before proceeding with traditional burial rites. They can also invite a Christian minister to attend a famadihana. Most Christian churches are influential in politics. The best example of this is the Malagasy Council of Churches (FFKM) comprising the four oldest and largest Christian denominations (Roman Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar, Lutheran and Anglican). In the 19th century, under Queen Ranavalona I, it was the persecution and extermination infamous mass of Christians.
Islam
Main article: Islam in Madagascar
Islam in Madagascar is about 7% of the population. Arab traders and the Somali Muslims who first brought Islam in the Middle Ages had a profound influence on the West Coast. For example, many Malagasy converted to Islam and the Malagasy language was, for the first time, transcribed into an alphabet, based on the Arabic alphabet, called Sorb. Muslims are concentrated in the provinces of Mahajanga and Antsiranana (Diego Suarez). Muslims are divided between those of Malagasy ethnicity, Indians, Pakistanis and Comoros.
Hinduism
Main article: Hinduism in Madagascar
Hinduism in Madagascar began with the region Gujarati Saurashtra in India as far back as 1900, when Madagascar was a French colony. Most Hindus in Madagascar speak Gujarati or Hindi.
International Rankings
Organization
Survey
Standings
Institute for Economics and Peace
Global Peace Index
72 of 144
U.S. Nations Development Programme
Human Development Index
145 of 182
Transparency International
Corruption Perceptions Index
99 180
World Economic Forum
Global Competitiveness Report
121 of 133
See also
Main article: Map of Madagascar Index and articles related to Madagascar
Military of Madagascar
Transport in Madagascar
Communications in Madagascar
Malagasy diplomatic missions
Eto Madagasikara Firaisan'ny Skotisma
References
^ "Malagasy" is the correct form in English; Madagascar Embassy, Washington DC "Madagascar" is used only for the island, its people, not National Geographic Style Manual
^ Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Madagascar." The World Factbook. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / ma.html. Accessed January 9, 2010.
Abcd ^ "Madagascar." International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=674&s=NGDPD, NGDPDPC, PPPGDP, PPPPC, LP & grp = 0 & a = & = 54 & pr.x pr.y = 18. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ Index of human development, Table 3: Human and income poverty, P. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009
^ BBC NEWS | Science / Nature | Giant palm tree puzzles botanists
^ Languages Madagascar Encyclopdia Britannica
^ Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar by OC Dahl
^ Archaeology, Language, and the past of Africa Roger Blench
^ The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean by Shihan Jayasuriya S. Richard Pankhurst pg 82
Backgrounder ^ ": Madagascar ". U.S. Department of State. Http: / / www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5460.htm. Retrieved 12/08/2008.
^ Middle Eastern Cities and North Africa by Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, Janet L. Abu-Lughod pg 391
^ Kingdoms of Madagascar: Merina and Maroserana
^ "Madagascar." Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_ (1913) and Madagascar.
^ Vincent, Rose (1990). The French in India: From Diamond Traders to Sanskrit Scholars. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0-8613-2259-2.
^ From MADAGASCAR to the Malagasy Republic, by Raymond K. Kent pg 6571
^ Madagascar: An historical and descriptive of the island and its former dependencies Pasfield Oliver Samuel., P. 6. (From Google Book Search)
Ranavalona ^ I (Merina queen). Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
^ Keith Laidler. Male Caligula. Ranavalona, the Mad Queen of Madagascar. Wiley (2005) NBSI -13 978-0-470-02223-8 (HB).
^ (French) 1947 Insurrection Madagascar - Jean Fremigacci - Marianne [dead link]
ab ^ IRIN Africa | Southern Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: "Violence can escalate" Governance Conflict | | News Item
^ IRIN Africa | Southern Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: Former President sentenced to five years in prison | Governance | News Item
^ IRIN Africa | Southern Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: The hope of equity, transparency, elections controversy | Economy Governance | Other Features
^ IRIN Africa | Southern Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: call, despite political uncertainty | Children Economy Food Security Governance Health & Nutrition Conflict ...
^ Chris McGreal (March 18, 2009); Corbett ab Christina. "The president of Madagascar resigns as a power rival claims. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/18/madagascar-marc-ravalomanana.
^ Abc "Madagascar rival military back." BBC News. March 17, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7949596.stm.
^ "Opposition Madagascar takes over from Prime Minister's Office. "Xinhua. March 14, 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/14/content_11011120.htm.
^ "President Madagascar resigns. "Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-16-voa65.cfm. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
^ The Union African suspended in Madagascar 'coup' - Africa, World - The Independent
^ (UPDATE) is chief of the armed opposition in charge Madagascar | Home> Articles> Other>> Breaking News
^ The Eighth Continent: Life, Death and Discovery in the Lost World of Madagascar
^ Ab "Science News: A new kind of self-destructive Palm found in Madagascar." Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.kew.org/scihort/news/new_palm_genus.html. Retrieved 30/01/2008.
^ Terrestrial Ecoregions - Madagascar subhumid forests (AT0118), National Geographic.
^ Davies, SJJF (2003)
^ Lemurs Hunted, Eaten middle of civil unrest, group says. National Geographic News. August 21, 2009.
^ Science & the City | Gateway Public at the New York Academy of Sciences
^ "Independent States in the world." U.S. State Department. 2008-03-20. Http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm. Retrieved 24/05/2008.
^ Madagascar - Country-Facts Goway Travel Experiences
^ "Made in Madagascar: Exporting Handicrafts to the U.S. market: a project with the Alliance of United Nations public-private partnerships for rural development, Final Report, "a project with the Alliance of United Nations public-private for Rural Development.
^ Madagascar - Mining: Mining, heavy minerals
^ Rio Tinto mining project Madagascar
^ "Africa rejects" hit "Madagascar" bbc.co.uk 20 March 2009 Link accessed March 20, 2009
^ The Library of Congress, "Madagascar - Minorities"
^ The racialization of social relations Madagascar
^ "Rocks ethnic conflicts in Madagascar." BBC News. May 14, 2002.
^ Abcdefg http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_MDG.html
^ "The Malagasy and Fran are the official languages of the Malagasy Republic." Constitution, Title I, Art. Constitutional law October 14, 1958 2.
^ High Constitutional Court of Madagascar, RULING n03-HCC/D2 From April 12, 2000
^ Madagascar adopts English as official language, ClickAfrique.com, April 10, 2007.
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/madagascar_statistics.html ^ ab
^ Madagascar and Africa III. The Anteimoro: a theocracy in Southeast Madagascar, by RK Kent The Journal of African History 1969 pg 62
^ "Vision of Humanity." Vision of humanity. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
External Links
Learn more about Madagascar on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Wiktionary Definitions
The Wikibooks Manuals
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Resources Educational Wikiversity
Government
The government of Madagascar
National Assembly of Madagascar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Madagascar
Embassies and Consulates
Washington, DC Canada to Hungary
Head of State and Cabinet members, CIA
General Information
Country profile of BBC News
entry in Madagascar The World Factbook
Madagascar from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Madagascar to the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of Madagascar
Madagascar travel guide from Wikitravel
News Media
Madagascar humanitarian news and analysis UN IRIN
Madagascar links under news allAfrica.com
Ecology
Madagascar's national parks and park reserves official website
Conservation International page preview Madagascar
Madagascar Wildlife Conservation MWC is a Malagasy association nonprofit that organizes and conducts projects Community conservation
New York Academy of Sciences Podcast Madagascar conservation by Helen Crowley
Madagascar conservation history
Madagascar Conservation Journal & Development
Miscellaneous
The Madagascar Project, a project set up to help the Malagasy communities tackle the causes and effects of poverty
Old maps of Madagascar by the library CEGET (CNRS, France)
Azafady charity in the UK and Malagasy NGO working in southeast Madagascar fight against poverty, improve well-being and protect beautiful unique environments, with the help of his award-winning volunteer programs.
Shama Foundation of Madagascar charity providing scholarships for disadvantaged students in Madagascar
Opinions of the High Constitutional Court of Madagascar
Blue Ventures award winning nonprofit organization dedicated to facilitating projects and expeditions that enhance global marine conservation and research. Based in Andavadoaka southwest coast of Madagascar.
Madagascar foko-profit association and Rising Voices project dedicated dealer to use ICT as a tool to promote sustainable development, especially combining human development and protecting the environment.
WildMadagascar.org Overview, news, photos, cultural history. English and French
Madagascar Madagascar Pictures
Palmarium Reserve is located on the east coast of Madagascar.
Keelong, Keelong is an organization dedicated to helping rural primary school infrastructure and teacher

Related articles in Madagascar

local geographical
Lat. and long. 1855 4731 / 18.917S 47.517E / 18,917, 47,517 (Antananarivo)
EV
Countries and territories of Africa
West Africa
Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
North Africa
Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia
Central Africa
Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda Tom and Principe
East Africa
Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
South Africa
Botswana Lesotho Namibia Swaziland South Africa
States with
limited recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic of Somaliland
Mostly Africa
France (Runion) Italy (Pantelleria) Portugal (Madeira) Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas of Soberana) Yemen (Socotra)
Dependencies
Scattered Islands (France) Mayotte (France) St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Disputed areas
Western Sahara
EV
Countries and territories Indian Ocean Rim
Africa
Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mayotte Mozambique Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Runion South Africa-Sudan
Asia
Bahrain Bangladesh Burma Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Maldives Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Thailand Yemen Arab Emirates
Oceania
Australia's Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Islands
Bahrain Territory British Indian Ocean Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Comoros Madagascar Maldives Mauritius Mayotte Seychelles Sri Runion Lanka

International members
EV
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Member States
Angola Botswana Democratic Republic Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
Leaders
Chairs: Levy Mwanawasa Kgalema Motlanthe
Secretaries General: Kaire Mbuende Prega Ramsamy Tomaz Salomo
See also
Southern African Development Coordination Conference Southern African Union Customs Common Market Common Monetary Area for Eastern and Southern Africa
EV
African Union (AU)
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea The Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somalia Tom and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Uganda
EV
Portuguese Empire
North Africa
15th century
14151640 Ceuta
14581550 Ceguer Alccer (Qasr El Saghir es)
14711550 Arzila (Asilah)
14711662 Tangier
14851550 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487 mid-16th century Ouadane
14881541 Safim (Safi)
16th century
15051769 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gu (Agadir)
15061525 Mogador (Essaouira)
15061525 Aguz (Souira Guedima)
15061769 Mazagan (El Jadida)
15131541 Azamor (Azemmour)
15771589 Arzila (Asilah)
Sub-Saharan
15th century
14551633 Arguin
So TOM1 14701975
14741778 Annobn
Fernando 14781778 Poo (Bioko)
14821637 Elmina (So Jorge da Mina)
14821642 Gold Coast Portuguese
14961550 Madagascar (part)
14981540 Mascarene
16th century
15001630 Malindi
15001975 Prncipe1
Portuguese E. 15011975 Africa (Mozambique)
15021659 St. Helena
15031698 Zanzibar
15051512 Quloa (Kilwa)
15061511 Socotra
15571578 Accra
15751975 Portuguese W. Africa (Angola)
15881974 Cacheu2
15931698 Mombassa (Mombasa)
17th century
16421975 Cape Verde
16451888 Ziguinchor
16801961 So Joo Baptista de Ajuda
16871974 Bissau2
18th century
17281729 Mombassa (Mombasa)
17531975 So Tom and Principe
19th century
18791974 Portuguese Guinea
18851975 Portuguese Congo (Cabinda)
Part 1 Tom and Príncipe from 1753. Part 2 of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
South Asia
16th century
15061615 Gamru (Bandar-Abbas)
Sohar 15071643
15151622 Hormuz (Ormus)
Quriyat 15151648
1515? Qalhat
Muscat 15151650
1515? Barka
15151633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
Bahrain 15211602 (Muharraq and Manama)
15211529? Qatif
1521? 1551? Tarut Island
15501551 Qatif
15881648 Matrah
17th century
1620? Khor Fakkan
1621? Bb
16211622 Qeshm
1623? Khasab
1623? Libedia
1624? Kalba
1624? Madha
16241648 Dibba Al Hisn
1624? Bandar-e Kong
Indian subcontinent
15th century
14981545 Lakshadweep (Lakshadweep)
16th century
Portuguese India
15001663 Cochin (Kochi)
15021661 Quilon (pouring / Kollam)
15021663 Cannanore (Kannur)
15071657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
15101962 Goa
15121525 Calicut (Kozhikode)
15181619 Paliacate (Pulicat)
15211740 Chaul
Mylapore 15231662
15281666 Chittagong
15341601 Salsette Island
15341661 Bombay (Mumbai)
15351739 Baam (Vasai-Virar)
15361662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)
15401612 Surat
15481658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
15591962 Daman and Diu
15681659 Mangalore
15791632 Hugli
15981610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
15181521 Maldives
15181658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
15581573 Maldives
17th century
Portuguese India
Mylapore 16871749
18th century
Portuguese India
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 17791954
East Asia and Oceania
16th century
15111641 Portuguese Malacca
15121621 Banda Islands
15121621 Moluccas (Maluku)
15221575 Ternate
15761605 Ambon
15781650 Tidore
15121665 Makassar
15531999 Macau
15331545 Ningbo
15711639 Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki)
17th century
16421975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) 1
19th century
Macau
18641999 Coloane
18491999 Portas do Cerco
18511999 Taipa
18901999 Ilha Verde
20th century
Macau
Lapa and Montanha 19381941 (Hengqin)
January 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world.
North America and the ocean North Atlantic
15th century
Madeira 1420
1432 Azores
16th century
15001579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
15001579? Labrador
15161579? Nova Scotia
Central and South America
16th century
15001822 Brazil
Barbados 15361620
17th century
16801777 Colnia Nova do Sacramento
19th century
18081822 Cisplatin (Uruguay)
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Theory Portuguese discovery of Australia

Languages
EV
Member states and observers of La Francophonie
Members
Belgium Albania Armenia Andorra (French Community) Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada (New Brunswick Quebec) Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Cyprus1 Comoros Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea France (French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Saint Pierre and Miquelon) Gabon Ghana1 Greece Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Laos Luxembourg Lebanon Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Macedonia2 Morocco Niger Romania Rwanda St. Lucia Tom and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Switzerland Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam
Observers
Austria Croatia Republic Czech Georgia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Mozambique Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Thailand Ukraine
An associate member. 2 provisionally designated by the Francophonie as "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, see Macedonia naming dispute.
EV
Austronesian-speaking countries and territories
Formosa
Taiwan
Malayo-Polynesian
American Samoa Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands East Timor Easter Island Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hainan Indonesia Kiribati Madagascar Malaysia Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Orchid Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Island Sri Lanka Suriname Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu States of America (Hawaii) Wallis Futuna and Vanuatu Vietnam
EV
English-speaking world
Anglosphere
Dark blue: Countries and territories where English is spoken natively by a large population.
Light blue: countries where English is an official language, but not widespread.
Click on the regions of color to view the article.

The regions where English is an official language and spoken by a large population:
Africa
Mauritius Nigeria South Africa St. Helena
Americas
Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Canada Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles (Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Maarten) St. Kitts and Nevis Turks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands
Asia
Hong Kong Singapore Philippines
Europe
Guernsey Gibraltar of the Republic of Malta Man Jersey Ireland United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau

Regions where English is an official language, but not widespread:
Africa
Botswana Cameroon Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Namibia Rwanda Sierra Leone Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas
Puerto Rico
Asia
Pakistan India Malaysia
Oceania
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji
English Wiktionary
Categories: Madagascar | African | African Union | Countries of the Indian Ocean | East Africa | French language countries | Island countries | Islands of Africa | Islands of Madagascar | LDCs | Malay-speaking countries and territories | Member states of La Francophonie | Physiographic provinces | States and territories identified categories 1960Hidden | Southern Africa: All articles dead external links | Articles with dead external links since April 2009 | Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages | Articles containing French text | All articles related | Related Articles from June 2008 | Articles with links that have need disambiguation | Articles related to December 2007 | Articles linked from August 2009 About the Author

I am an expert from China Crafts Suppliers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as long leg braces , orthopedic suppliers.

Rico PadGard Clarinet Swab $8.99 Rico PadGard Clarinet Swab

Rico Padgard Clarinet Swab $8.99 Rico PadGard Clarinet Swab

Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Bb Clarinet Silver $18.99 Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Bb Clarinet Silver

Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Eb Clarinet Silver $24.99 Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Eb Clarinet Silver

Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Bb Clarinet Gold $24.99 Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Bb Clarinet Gold

Rico H-Ligature For Clarinet Eb Clarinet Silver $24.99 Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Eb Clarinet Silver

Rico H-Ligature For Clarinet Bb Clarinet Gold $24.99 Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Bb Clarinet Gold

Rico H-Ligature For Clarinet Bb Clarinet Silver $18.99 Rico H-Ligature for Clarinet Bb Clarinet Silver

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B5 886830304439 $15.74 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B5 886830304439

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece A5 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece A5

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece C3 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece C3

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece A3 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece A3

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece A7 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece A7

Rico Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 25-pack $56.49 Rico Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 25-pack

Rico Alto Clarinet Reeds 2 3-Pack $6.99 Rico Alto Clarinet Reeds 2 3-Pack

Rico Royal Bb Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-pack $12.99 Rico Royal Bb Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-pack

Rico Reedgard IV for Clarinet or Alto Saxophone $3.69 Rico Reedgard IV for Clarinet or Alto Saxophone

Rico Royal Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-pack $24.49 Rico Royal Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-pack

Rico Reed Gard II for Alto Saxophone or Clarinet $3.69 Rico Reed Gard II for Alto Saxophone or Clarinet

Rico Royal Alto Clarinet Reeds 2 10-pack $20.99 Rico Royal Alto Clarinet Reeds 2 10-pack

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B3 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B3

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B7 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B7

Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B5 $17.49 Rico Royal Graftonite Clarinet Mouthpiece B5

Rico Royal Alto Clarinet Reeds 2 10-Pack $20.99 Rico Royal Alto Clarinet Reeds 2 10-pack

Rico Royal Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-Pack $24.49 Rico Royal Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-pack

Rico Reed Gard Ii For Alto Saxophone Or Clarinet $3.69 Rico Reed Gard II for Alto Saxophone or Clarinet

Rico Royal Bb Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-Pack $12.99 Rico Royal Bb Clarinet Reeds 3.5 10-pack

Rico Reedgard Iv For Clarinet Or Alto Saxophone $3.69 Rico Reedgard IV for Clarinet or Alto Saxophone

Rico Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 25-Pack $56.49 Rico Bass Clarinet Reeds 3.5 25-pack

Rico Bb Clarinet Reeds Strength 2.5 Box of 3 $3.99 Rico Bb Clarinet Reeds Strength 2.5 Box of 3

Rico Bb Clarinet Reeds Strength 3.5 Box of 10 $12.49 Rico Bb Clarinet Reeds Strength 3.5 Box of 10

Rico Bb Clarinet Reeds Strength 4 Box of 25 $28.49 Rico Bb Clarinet Reeds Strength 4 Box of 25